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CA Bond for Indian Suppression, 1862 [182927]

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CA Bond for Indian Suppression, 1862 [182927]
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Bond of the State of California, a $2000 bond authorized by the Legislature in 1857 for suppression of Indian uprisings, issued January 1862. Printed: "For War Indebtedness. In Conformity with an Act authorizing the Treasurer of State to issue Bonds for the payment of expenses incurred in the suppression of Indian hostilities, in certain counties in this state. Approved April 25th, 1857."
In 1850, An Act for the Government and Protection of Indians was enacted by the first session of the State Legislature. The Act, among other things, allowed Indian children to be held as property. It set the stage for White-Indian relations, by allowing settlers to continue the practice of capturing and using Native people as forced workers. It also provided the basis for the enslavement and trafficking of Native Americans, particularly young women and children. Then in 1851 and 1852, the California Legislature authorized payment of $1,100,000 for the "supression of Indian hostilities." Again, in 1857, the Legislature issued bonds for $410,000 for the same purpose." While theoretically attempting to resolve White-Indian conflicts, these payments only encouraged Whites to form volunteer companies and try to eliminate all the Indians in California (National Park Service - nps.gov). Raids on villages continued to supply the demand, the young women and children were carried off to be sold, the men and remaining people often being killed. This practice did much to destroy Native tribes during the California Gold Rush. The raids and retaliatory skirmishes continued throughout the 1860s until the stand-off during the Modoc War in 1872-1873 in the lava beds of northeastern California and southeastern Oregon when 53 Modoc warriors under Captain Jack held off 675 men of the U.S. Army for 13 months. Some Modoc warriors surrendered and others, including Captain Jack were captured. Jack and three warriors were executed and two others sentenced to life in prison for the murder of two peace commissioners. The remaining 153 Modoc of the band were sent to Indian Territory (pre-statehood Oklahoma).The 13.5" x 6.5" bond was lithographed by Fishbourne's Lithog., Ohio Street, San Francisco. Canceled and signed by Controller (illegible) and Treasurer D.R. Ashley, who served as State Treasurer of California from 1862-63 and was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Nevada from 1865-69. Four vignettes including one Native American.
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