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Copper Queen Colt Revolver [131544]

Currency:USD Category:Firearms & Military Start Price:2,000.00 USD Estimated At:4,000.00 - 6,000.00 USD
Copper Queen Colt Revolver  [131544]
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Copper Queen Mine Security Force Colt Revolver

The Gun:
By Kingston Wulff
This is a Colt Single Action Army revolver, S/N 298300, built in 1907. It has the Colt factory letter describing it as a .32/20 caliber, 5 1/2 in. barrel, blued frame, the stocks are not listed. According to the Colt factory letter it was shipped to the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Co. in Bisbee, Arizona Territory on August 23, 1907 as part of a shipment of five.

The Copper Queen was a massive copper mine in Arizona that required the protection of a large security force, arming their security staff with Colt revolvers. The actual number of Colt firearms sold to the Copper Queen is unknown and has never been tabulated, according to the Colt Manufacturing Co. confirmed in a call 1/19/2021, but thought to be very limited between 1900 and 1909. This one has its original 5 1/2 in. barrel length, a rich brown patination that shows no attempt of rebluing; the grips are checkered hard rubber with the original Colt logo and in beautiful condition. The barrel is marked from muzzle to frame "+Colt's Pt. F. A. Mfg. Co. Harford, CT. USA +" . And all numbers matching, smokeless frame , clean bore, good timing, on original screws. This firearm will require an FFL transfer, and additional shipping charges apply. This gun is an antique and no attempt has been made to fire this gun to confirm its mechanical integrity. Nor should this gun be fired without the examination by a qualified gunsmith. Any attempt to fire an antique gun is at the risk of the owner and not consistent with the value of the firearm. No sales to New York City, New Jersey, and Hawaii.

Copper Queen Mine Security Force Colt Revolver History
By Fred N. Holabird

Introduction

The famous Copper Queen Mine in Bisbee was the most important copper mine in the Southwest for decades until the copper boom of the approximate post-1900 period when the world powers “woke up” to the concept of implementing electricity worldwide, which changed and modernized the world with new and tremendous demand for copper wire.

Both American and Mexican mines near the border used whatever labor force they could tap – the geo-political border between Mexico and the US did not matter.

The remote location of Bisbee also led to the possibilities of incursion from bandits. This had been a problem in southern Arizona for nearly 100 years. Additional problems developed from mine and mill labor forces seeking better pay and working conditions.

Mining Labor Unions – A Background Discussion

The great Comstock Lode discovery in 1859 was the largest single ore deposit found on earth at that time. As such, it required the work of hundreds of miners in all forms of mining jobs, from underground miners to millmen all working for large single companies. In the West, the California gold rush had been infinitely more productive, but involved more individuals and family groups than corporate organized companies up to that point (1859). In the East, the use of coal as a heating and power source (steam) became very important, and coal mines became larger and larger, requiring hundreds of men working at the same company or in the same region. Groups of miners began to form associations for discussions, protection, and for lobbying purposes.

At first, these associations or unions were formed geographically. One of the first of the miner’s unions was the Virginia City Miner’s Union in Nevada, formed in the early 1870s. Over time, nationalized unions formed – first for coal miners, then soon after for hard rock miners and mill/smelter workers.

The first of the much larger nationalized unions of perhaps greatest importance was the United Mine Workers of America, (UMWA) which organized in January, 1890 with the primary purpose of working for the benefit of coal miners. The UMWA was formed for all the right reasons, and is still very active today. Hardrock miners, meanwhile, had no national organization at first because the precious metal mines paid more for labor than other forms of mining. Indeed, the Comstock Lode set the stage at $3 per day at least as far back as about 1870, far more than miners were paid anywhere else in the world. The higher wage was meant to attract the best workers. Other hard rock mines that were less profitable paid less. Large mines outside and away from the Comstock region were forced to pay the same as the Comstock companies, or risk having a less effective work force.

Once the UMWA was formed, an obvious opening existed for hard rock miners, and a group organized as the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) in May, 1893. They became active immediately in Colorado at Cripple Creek, using more militant tactics than the usual hard line negotiating at a bargaining table.

For awhile, the WFM acted as an unofficial arm of the UMWA. The WFM became a much more radical organization, using violence to force mine owners hands. Sometimes it worked, other times it did not. Mostly the cause was hours worked per day and the pay rate. The WFM organized labor strikes in Cripple Creek (1901, 1903), Leadville (1896-7), Globe (1903), Morenci (1903), Idaho (1905), Telluride (1900), Goldfield (1906-7) and elsewhere.

The WFM seemed to be targeting gold and silver mines. This made complete sense, because the overall concept of electricity, and the concept of “electrifying” entire countries was still just a dream. Copper and other base metal mines (lead, zinc) were simply not as profitable. In research of historical miner’s union history, I was unable to find meaningful discussion of this important omission and distinction between precious metal and base metal (copper, lead, zinc) mine labor issues. Thus at first, attention was focused on the precious metal mines, and copper mines and their miners and mill workers were not the primary focus of the WFM or UMWA.

The Copper Queen Mine and Mine Labor Issues

The history of the Copper Queen mine has been well published. It became one of the leading copper mines in the nation. With Bisbee flanked by major copper mines at Clifton and Morenci on the Arizona side, and Cananea and Nacosari about the same distance on the Mexico side, the region was a virtual world hot spot for copper. Both the Copper Queen and the mines at Nacosari were owned and operated by Phelps-Dodge, a major mining company. By 1900, Arizona was third in copper production in America (just barely behind Michigan) with the Copper Queen producing more than a third of all Arizona copper at 35 million pounds. Those three Arizona copper camps alone produced two thirds of Arizona’s copper, more than any other states except Montana and Michigan. As a major western hard rock mine inside a relatively small geographic region with major copper production, the Copper Queen drew the attention of mine labor unions.

Starting about 1900, the Copper Queen owners, Phelps - Dodge, became focused on potential mine unrest. In June, 1906, there was “unrest” among the miners at Cananea which had begun at least as far back as 1903, particularly among the miners of Col. Greene’s companies. The miners held a labor strike. White (American) miners were paid up to double what the “Mexican” miners were paid, and they outnumbered the American workers by several fold. Greene had requested help from Bisbee lawmen, business interests and the Arizona Rangers. The Mexican workers were not allowed to form a union, making matters worse for all. Over time, many Mexican miners were recruited by the AFM for strikes in Arizona. After several strikes near Bisbee at Morenci and Globe in 1903, and the strike at Cananea, the Copper Queen owners were deeply concerned.

Protection at the Copper Queen Mine

Copper Queen owners and management had watched the mine labor movement in the Western US very carefully. The Copper Queen formed a security force in about 1900, which ran through at least 1909. This fact is attested to by the records of the Colt Firearms company, who recorded sales of Colt revolvers to the Copper Queen Mining Company over that ten year span, sending shipments of two to twenty guns nearly monthly. There are mixed reports, none verified, that up to hundreds of Colt pistols were shipped to the Copper Queen Mine.
The Copper Queen was not the only company to form a security force. The great Goldfield Consolidated Mining Company under George Wingfield also formed a private security force, this one in 1906 after the consolidation of many of the important mining claims. Some of the gold bullion shipments from that mine located in remote southwestern Nevada were of tremendous value, and protection was badly needed.
The miners strikes near Bisbee in Morenci and elsewhere in Arizona around 1903-4, coupled with the WFM’s assassination of Idaho’s Governor Frank Steunenberg in 1905, the violent and deadly WFM strikes in Cripple Creek and Leadville, and finally the WFM strike in Goldfield which required the presence of Federal forces (they had also been at Leadville and Cripple Creek), all formed a story of violence. It was in this light that Copper Queen management continued to order Colt firearms from Colt, and the Colt pistol of this lot was shipped August 23, 1907 right on the heels of the Goldfield unrest.

There is much to be written on these important miners unions, far beyond the scope of this paper and the lot offered here.

The Colt Pistol

This Colt is accompanied by a certificate of history from the Colt Company. It states that the serial number is 298300, of .32/20 caliber with a barrel length of 5 ½”. There were five guns in the shipment from Colt that day. It should be noted that in 13 similar certificates for Colt pistols found on the internet from may 1900 to Jan 1909 showed varying lengths of barrels from 4” to 5 ½ inches. The barrel here is the longest. It may also be noted that at least one gun appears to have been re-blued. This specimen is as original. Those 13 Colt letters also show the possibility that shipments may have been made monthly, though no effort has ever been made to tabulate the records.

References: Lukas, Anthony, Big Trouble; Miller, Joseph, Arizona Rangers; Zanjani and Rocha, The Ignoble Conspiracy; Zanjani, Goldfield; Colt Firearms Records Center; Rothwell, R.P., The Mineral Industry, 1901; Poole Bros. Mining Directory, 1898.